Strategic Importance of GAP Essay Example for Free

Strategic Importance of GAP Essay GAP is the single most important development project affecting Turkeys regional relations. Its area of operation borders Syria and Iraq, covering close to 30,000 square miles, about 9. 7 percent of Turkeys total territory. About 6. 1 million people, nearly 10 percent of Turkeys population, live there. The reluctance of international financial institutions, especially the World Bank, to finance dam building in disputed river basins meant that GAP had to be almost entirely domestically financed. This region is relatively undeveloped. Agriculture plays twice the role in the areas economy (39. 6 percent versus 17. 7 percent) that it does in the Turkish economy as a whole, while manufacturing is about half as important (11. 7 percent against 25. 2 percent) as in the entire country. The region only produces about 4 percent of the national income and ranks low in almost all aspects of development, including education and purchasing power. GDP per capita in the southeast region has been roughly 55 percent of the Turkish average (Turkish State Institute of Statistics, 1997:722). GAP is an ambitious project to narrow this gap. When completed, it will regulate 28 percent of Turkeys total water potential, generate 27 billion kilowatts of electrical energy, and irrigate more than 4. 2 million acres of land, thus adding another 50 percent to Turkeys arable farmlands. The amount of agricultural land irrigated by the State Hydraulic Works Administration and the total hydraulic energy (42,162 billion kilowatts) generated in Turkey will be doubled. Moreover, expanding irrigation will allow the production of a larger variety and more profitable crops, hich should ease Turkeys balance-of-payments difficulties. When the total irrigation is completed in the GAP region, the total irrigated area is projected to constitute 19 percent of the total irrigated land in Turkey (21 million acres). Power generation is as important as irrigation in GAPs plan. Dams on the Euphrates account for more than 33 percent of current hydroelectric production in the country, with another 14 percent from the Tigris. In sum, almost half the countrys total hydroelectric generation is being met from dams on these two rivers. By improving living standards, GAP is expected to reduce and perhaps reverse the persistent emigration from the area. Finally, it is hoped that GAP will eventually solve social and economic issues that have led to armed conflict: the bulk of the Kurdish population lives in this poorest part of Turkey. Unequal distribution of land here is a major economic problem that has political implications. â€Å"Some 61 percent of the farmers (about 150,000 families) own less than five hectares (12 acres), and 10 percent of the population own 75 percent of the land. The social structure has remained virtually unchanged since feudal times, with wealthy Kurdish landowners owning dozens of villages† (Bruan, 1994: 26). The tendency of all the riparian states to use the water problem as a domestic ideological tool exacerbates the problem. As Kut and Turan suggest, â€Å"Water disputes may be handy to politicians in personifying real or perceived outside threats in the domestic context, and in this way serve to unite the society against foreign enemies and mobilize support for the government† (1997:140). Indeed, the water issue has been effectively used in projecting the developmental needs in each country as strategic priorities and in defining water as an indispensable part of independent, autonomous development. The maximalist positions that all parties adopt regarding this issue might indeed be explained through such ideological imperatives (Kut Turan, 1997). Conclusion Strategic considerations and recent developments have also had a major impact on the water issue. While Turkish-Iraqi relations have been shaped by events in the Persian Gulf region, Syrias stance has been affected by the growing cooperation between Turkey and Israel. There are many reasons for this relationship, but one significant factor is Turkish concern over Syria, and this is in large part related to the water dispute. By shifting the strategic balance toward Turkey and against Syria, the alignment also strengthened Turkeys hand in the water issue (Muslih, 1996:124). From Israels perspective Turkey is the only potential source of water imports. From the perspective of Turkey, having Israel as a credible ally on the southern border of Syria helps ease tensions over the water and related Kurdish separatist activity originating in Syria. All these developments suggest that Syria can no longer use the â€Å"ethnic card† in bargaining over water with Turkey. An additional factor here is the potential for Turkish-Israeli economic cooperation related to GAP, the expansion of agribusiness that uses irrigation, and related industrial projects. An official protocol between the GAP administration and the government of Israel in conjunction with the International Cooperation and Training Center of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for instance, is underway, in which the two sides will cooperate on technology and training. In broader terms GAP could contribute to regional development, including potentially involving Syria in peaceful cooperation. A memorandum of understanding signed between the GAP administration and the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas in Syria on June 26, 1999, for instance, aims to develop an agricultural research center in the GAP area and monitor national resource utilization. Such confidence-building measures can prove crucial for a cooperative solution to the water dispute. Although Turkey is not a direct party to the peace process it has many expectations from a developing peaceful environment in the region. Despite being only on the periphery of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Turkeys internal and external security has suffered from terrorist and Islamic radical movements that flourish in the region. The Gulf War had devastating effects on the economy of the eastern and southeastern provinces in Turkey and contributed to rising separatist PKK activity in the area. Peaceful southern neighbors would help defuse tensions based on developmental gaps between the region and the rest of the country and increase trade. A more peaceful Middle East, if achieved, is likely not only to ease tensions over the Euphrates-Tigris Basin but also create an environment for a cooperative solution to the issue. Delinking the water issue from the wider security concerns, Kurdish ethnic problems, focus on regional underdevelopment, and optimal utilization of water resources instead can itself be instrumental in building regional cooperation in the Middle East. References Tomanbay, Mehmet (2000). TURKEYS APPROACH TO UTILIZATION OF THE EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS RIVERS , Arab Studies Quarterly, 02713519, Spring, 22(2):79-101Z Demirel, K Kulege (2004). Heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of an estuary in southeastern Turkey. International Journal of Environment Pollution. Geneva: 21(5):499 Ibrahim Kaya (2005). â€Å"Possible Turkish Water Export As A Tool For Peace And Stability In Middle East,† The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved Dec 11 from http://www. turkishweekly. net/news. php? id=3758 John Waterbury, Transboundary Water and the Challenge of International Cooperation in the Middle East, in Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Progress, ed. Peter Rogers and Peter Lydon (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994 Gun Kut (1993) â€Å"Burning Waters: The Hydropolitics of the Euphrates and Tigris,† New Perspectives on Turkey 9, 2:1–17. George Gruen (1992). The Water Crisis: The Next Conflict, Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center John Kolars (1994). â€Å"Managing the Impact of Development: The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and the Ecology of the Arabian Gulf: a Link in Forging Tri-riparian Cooperation,† Ali I. Bagis, ed. , Water as an Element of Cooperation in the Middle East (Ankara: Hacettepe University. Y. Bakour (1992). â€Å"Planning and Water Management of Water Resources in Syria,† in Le Moigne et al. , Country Experiences with Water Resources Management: Economic, institutional, technological and environment (Washington, D. C. : World Bank Frederick W. Frey (1993). â€Å"Power, Conflict and Cooperation,† Research and Exploration: Water Issue 9: 18–37 Suha Bolukbasi (1993) â€Å"Turkey Challenges Iraq and Syria: The Euphrates Dispute,† Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 16, 4. Turkish State Institute of Statistics (DIE) (1997). Provincial and Regional Statistics, Ankara: DIE Armelle Bruan (1994) â€Å"The Megaproject of Mesopotamia,† Centrepiece (March– April) Gun Kut and Turan (1997) â€Å"Political-Ideological Constraints on Intra-Basin Cooperation on Transboundary Waters, † Natural Resources Forum 21 Muhammed Muslih (1996). â€Å"Syria and Turkey: Uneasy Relations, † in Henri J. Barkey, Reluctant Neighbor: Turkeys Role in the Middle East, Washington, D. C. : U. S. Institute of Peace Press.

Hiding From The Truth :: essays research papers

Hiding From The Truth! In the reading, "The Story of an Hour," many things weren’t as they seemed. This is called symbolism. Where one write something and it symbolizes another thing. For example, someone’s blood gets warmer. That wouldn’t symbolize them getting hot, it symbolizes them having a warm and happy feeling about something. This shows that things aren’t thought of as they are supposed to be. Symbolism also leads to hidden truths. Things that also don’t mean what they seem. Just as symbolism, hidden truths need to be thought out, and thoroughly processed in one’s head. In the reading, "The Story of an Hour," many things aren’t as they seem, leading to hidden truths, symbolism, and an unusual ending. There were many things that could be considered to be hidden truths in the reading. There were just a few that stuck out with ease. One of the hidden truths would be when the wife Louise Mallard is thinking about the news she was just told, she is sitting in a "comfortable roomy chair," comfort and roominess are relaxing and fun. The reason the writer uses comfortable and roomy is to show that the wife, Louise, was happy and relaxed when she heard the news and thought about it. She was pretty much happy with the result. Another easy hidden truth was when Louise was saying, "free, free, free" and "free, body and soul free." These phrases would, in reality, show that she was happy and felt like her own self now. She wasn’t restricted by her husband, he was gone and she was her own woman. She was finally "free" as she would say. And finally, Louise’s pulse beats harder. That is just like the blood warming. Her pulse beatin g hides that she is full of joy. She is happy of what happened, and that she is "free." There are many truths that are hidden in this story, that just leads to making the readers get into the story. Not only were there hidden truths, but a lot of symbolism came up in the reading. The symbolism starts with an open window. That is what Louise was staring at and looking through when she was told about the death of her husband Brently. The open window symbolizes freedom. Louise was now free of her husbands rein. She was unhappy with the marriage and liked finally being free and her own person.

Physics Research Assignment Essay

Introduction The study of physics has had a large impact on the development of road safety. The study of Newton’s Laws, impulse and momentum help to reduce initial momentum or decrease impulse (rate of change of momentum) to protect passengers. Technological advances and studies of vehicle crashes increase the automobile industry’s understanding of the forces involved and ways of reducing effects of collisions. Within vehicles, many car safety devices are installed, such as seat belts, air bags, crumple zones and head rests. Modern road design reduces the initial or rate of change of momentum and consequently the impact of collision through crash barriers, speed zones and speed humps. Car safety devices Seatbelts Seatbelts are designed so that passengers are restrained instead of continuing to move forward at the car’s speed when the brakes of a moving vehicle are applied. In this situation, there is a tendency for a body to resist changes to its motion, called inertia. (Newton’s first law) The stopping force is applied to the more durable parts of the body such as hips, chest and shoulder. This is instead of the human head crashing into windshield if no seat belt is worn. Inertia reel seatbelts Inertia reel seatbelts have a cylinder that stores extra belt material on a spool. The spool turns freely normally for movement. In the event of a sudden change in velocity, a pendulum in the reel plunges forward to lock and restrain the occupant. It is named ‘inertia reel’ due to the inertia of the pendulum to cause belt locking. Different types of seatbelt The lap seatbelt is tightened over the pelvis and absorbs force over a sizeable area. However they do not prevent the head and upper body from lurching forward in response to deceleration and are inadequate especially for front passengers, who risk hitting the windscreen. The lap sash seatbelt combines a lap seatbelt over the pelvis as well as over one shoulder across the chest. This greatly limits movement of the upper body and head as well as spreading the stopping force over a larger area. Shoulder harnesses restrain upper torso movement even further. Two are belts fall over the shoulders and an optional strap lies over the sternum. It is effective in the way force is spread over both shoulders compared to one shoulder in lap sash. Shoulder harnesses are usually used in child restraint systems and racing cars. The nylon webbing material in seatbelts is slightly flexible so that the stop is not as abrupt. Airbags Airbags provide an extra degree of protection in a collision by cushioning passengers in a collision, greatly limiting fatalities and serious injury. They are designed to increase the time interval during which the driver’s momentum decreases in a collision to decrease the net force of the driver. They inflate when crash sensors detect large deceleration. Sensors then ignite the sodium azide, producing sodium compounds and nitrogen gas for a reactive explosion. The airbags inflate rapidly to cushion the impact of the passenger against the steering wheel, dashboard or windshield. Airbags are to be used with seatbelts, not as a replacement. A disadvantage of airbags is they provide no protection against side-on hits, only frontal collisions. More expensive cars are developing side airbags to combat this. Head rests Padded headrests provide protection in rear end collisions. When a car is rear-ended, a large net force pushes the car and it accelerates forward. The inertia, based on Newton’s first law, pushes the passenger into the seat. Without a head rest for support, the head remains at rest until the spine pulls it forward. This sudden, sharp acceleration for the head causes it to fling back and results in hyperextension and whiplash injuries. Crumple Zones Many cars are designed to crumple at the front and rear. Crumple zones increase the time interval during which the momentum of the car changes during a collision, thus lessening the forces. Newton’s second law (f=ma) can be applied, as increased ?time will result in a decreasing rate of deceleration ‘a’ and consequently reduce force. Crumple zones are built using the integration of steel and fiberglass in the front and rear end assemblies of the automobile. Rigid structures between crumple zones protect the passenger compartment. In a collision, the crumple zones deform to slow the actual impact. The car doesn’t regain all its original kinetic energy, as some of this is converted to heat and sound energy to reduce damage to passenger area through smaller forces. As crumple zones are placed in strategic locations, the collapse is controlled and energy from impact is directed away from passenger area. Road design Speed humps and low speed zones Local councils introduced Speed Humps to reduce the overall speed of cars. Evidence shows that slower moving cars cause less damage to occupants if a crash results. It has been estimated that risk of death or serious brain damage doubles with every 16km/h over 80km/h. Speed humps restrict drivers from speeding as hitting the hump too fast can cause car damage. Low speed zones also reduce the speed of cars. A reduction of speed will reduce the chance of an accident as drivers have more time to react as well as decreasing the change in momentum and associated inertial forces in collisions. The police enforces speed signs and limit zones and speeding is monitored by speed cameras. In NSW, the general urban limit is 60 km/h for roads in built up areas where there are pedestrians. Crash Barriers Crash barriers are road design features that absorb the impact of collisions. They are constructed out of steel, concrete or wire. Some types of rigid crash barriers cannot absorb much of the kinetic energy of the vehicle, but keep the vehicle on the road and prevent crashing into more dangerous roadside hazards or cars from opposite direction. Crash barriers should be relatively weak with energy absorbing structures so that they can deform easily and transfer large amounts of kinetic energy to them in collisions. For barriers shielding against hazards such as trees, they need to be a fair distance away, as space is needed for it to deform. When a vehicle collides, the barriers deform and stop the vehicle through a plowing action, keeping the reaction forces relatively low. The impulse (change in momentum) is reduced, as the vehicle takes longer to slow down. The disadvantage of crash barriers is they may cause vehicle damage (crumpling) and rigid ones may deflect a car into the opposite lane. The advance of road safety The development of vehicles with greater size, power and momentum has resulted in the need for improvements in car safety devices and modern road design. The study of physics has allowed safety features in both the interior and exterior of cars to prevent large forces acting on passengers in collisions. This is why researchers and engineers are continually turning to laws of physics for advice. Road design features reduce initial velocity to reduce the risk of accidents as well as its impact on the passenger. Automotive safety companies are continuing to develop devices to improve vehicle safety, including inflatable seatbelts, 4-point seatbelts and knee airbags to name a few. With the large percentage of the population driving – forces, momentum, impulse and energy are all factors that must be controlled as our lives depend on it.

Character Analysis Of Fahrenheit 451 - 1801 Words

35. In the fiction novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the majority of depicted characters are the â€Å"bad† people in society. However, there are several â€Å"good† people who are the ones that add what little positivity there is in this dystopian novel. In the early stages of Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag, might have been thought of as a senseless, sadistic monster who only enjoys his job as a fireman, or more correctly, a book burner. Although seemingly correct, these descriptions of him would be rendered completely false after Montag’s encounter with the second â€Å"good† person, Clarisse McClellan. Clarisse can be characterized as an inquisitive and joyful young girl and for these reasons, a pariah. She is directly responsible†¦show more content†¦Another â€Å"bad† character is Montag’s wife, Mildred. She, just like most other people, has no desire to resolve her unfortunate state of being. Mildred’s depi ction shows the reader just how vapid people are, and it’s her participation in this type of existence that gains her the title of â€Å"bad.† 33. If I learned anything from this book, it is that knowledge is power. In a desolate world in which people haven’t the slightest motivation to pursue that which is intellectually stimulating, only one force can guide someone to true happiness, and that is knowledge. This is shown in Guy Montag, where in the beginning of the novel, he is depicted as happy, saying things like â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn.† It wasn’t until Clarisse McClellan enlightened Montag with the emptiness in his life. Later, Montag risks everything even just to have a single book. Yet, it was this sense of meaning in Montag’s life that gave him happiness. After finishing Fahrenheit 451, I can take away the importance of reading itself and never to take advantage of opportunities to learn. This feeling of motivation is and what has motivated me to become the, if I do say so myself, intelligent person I am. 38. Dear Captain Beatty, I write before you today to warn you of a bold opportunity for yourself and others. Your fellow fireman, Guy Montag, will embark on aShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis916 Words   |  4 Pagesthings that matter. Guy Montag and his wife, as well as most other people in Fahrenheit 451 display these traits, and seem to act like their life has no purpose. If we continue to stray farther from social interaction and continue to rely more and more on technology, we will live in a future much like the one Bradbury predicts. In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury shows us a frightening future through the way he creates the characters and the way they act. These include a lack of compassion and social interactionRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis1044 Words   |  5 Pages In a society where technology controls people’s minds, empathy is lost. Stuck to radios and television programs, one may forget who their loved ones are. In his novel â€Å"F ahrenheit 451,† author Ray Bradbury uses the thoughts and actions of his characters to develop the idea that a healthy society cannot exist without empathy. This becomes clear to readers when a marriage is questioned, and when random acts of violence are carried out on a regular basis.In the novel, the protagonist, Guy Montag a firemanRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis1276 Words   |  6 PagesFahrenheit 451, a novel written by Ray Bradbury, is set in a fictional dystopian world of the future. The main character in the novel, Guy Montag, is a respected fireman. However, in this era, firemen are government workers who start fires to burn illegal books, instead of putting fires out. Guy Montag changes slowly throughout the plot of the novel, acting based on his desire to better understand the reasons for books. In this novel, people that think and read books are treated as misfits and criminalsRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Fahrenheit 4511067 Words   |  5 PagesMont ag is the main character from Fahrenheit 451. He is a really confused character. He lives with his wife in a house in 2026. He’s a firefighter, but during this time period firefighters start fighters and not put them out. He let’s people boss him around and at a point he get’s really mad and he explodes on people. In the first chapter Montag meets a girl that was in the corner of the street while he was walking home from work. Her name is Clarisse McClellan and she is seventeen years oldRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Character Analysis981 Words   |  4 Pages In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury introduces Montag as a fireman who enjoys burning books. Bradbury started off with†It was a pleasure to burn† showing what Montag thinks about burning books. Montag liked the way when â€Å"books went up in sparkling whirls and blew away on a wind turned dark with burning†(Bradbury, 2). He like to see thing blackened and changed like a destruction. Montag started to change throughout many challenges that he had to face and he also started to get a different view on fireRead MoreCharacter Analysis : Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury831 Words   |  4 Pages Fahrenheit 451: Character Analysis Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, is about a dystopian society that burns literature and everything and anything to keep the civilians distracted from the obstacles of life. Guy Montag is a citizen whose job is to burn down houses that contain literature, for books are illegal because the government says it causes controversy. His wife, Mildred, sits in front of the â€Å"parlor walls† with â€Å"seashells† in her ears and goes along mindlessly with society. ThroughoutRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Character Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pagesfor Guy Montag in Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451. In the beginning of the novel, Guy Montag is a fireman who believes that there has never been and will never be a need for books and every book should burn. As the story progresses, he interacts with people and experiences events in his life that change his beliefs and views of the world. By the end of the novel, Guy Montag can recite parts of books off the top of his head. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag learns the truth about booksRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Captain Beatty (Fahrenheit 451)1404 Words   |  6 PagesBeatty, the Nearly Enlightened As fire captain, it is Captain Beatty’s job to promote and direct the eradication of knowledge and free thought within his district through the burning of books in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451. Though one may expect his job to be one occupied by a brutish, obtuse man with a powerful inferiority complex, this is not so: Beatty is obviously intelligent, well-versed in literature, but also completely devoted to the act of book-burning and the structure thatRead MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, irony is used to convey information and it contributes to the overall theme of the novel. Written during the era of McCarthyism, Fahrenheit 451 is about a society where books are illegal. This society believes that being intellectual is bad and that a lot of things that are easily accessible today should be censored. The overall message of the book is that censorship is not beneficial to society, and that it could cause great harm to one’s intelligence and socialRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations